Defense Intelligence Agency - organization

DIA is led by a Director, typically a three-star military officer. The current director is Lieutenant General Michael D. Maples.

DIA is organized into these primary operational directorates:

Directorate for Human Intelligence (DH): Otherwise knows as Defense HUMINT Service, this directorate manages DIA's and the DoD's human source intelligence collection. This includes the Defense Attache System. Defense HUMINT reportedly controls the Strategic Support Branch, a unit that deploys teams of linguists, field analysts, case officers, interrogation experts, technical specialists, and special forces. It is speculated that Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld created the SSB to bypass the limitations of the Central Intelligence Agency after 9/11.

Directorate for MASINT and Technical Collection (DT): Collects measurement and signature intelligence which is any intelligence that does not fit within the definitions of Signals Intelligence, Imagery Intelligence, and Human Intelligence. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is the central intelligence agency for MASINT collection within the intelligence community.

Directorate for Analysis (DI): Analyzes and disseminates finalized intelligence products for the DIA from all sources as well as from partner Intelligence Community agencies. Analysts focus on the military issues that may arise from political or economic events in foreign countries and also analyze foreign military capabilities, transportation systems, weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and missile systems and contribute to National Intelligence Estimates and to the President's Daily Brief. The Directorate of Analysis also manages the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center. Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities as well as in the field.

Directorate for Intelligence Joint Staff (J2): Advises and supports the Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence for defense policy and war planning.

Defense Joint Intelligence Operations Center (DJIOC): Fuses tactical, operational, and strategic intelligence assets and serves as the center for coordination of these assets in response to combatant command requirements.

DIA also runs the National Defense Intelligence College.

Central Intelligence Agency - organization

Agency seal

The heraldic symbol of the CIA consists of 3 representative parts: the left-facing bald eagle head atop, the compass star (or compass rose), and the shield. The eagle is the national bird, standing for strength and alertness. The 16-point compass star represents the CIA's world-wide search for intelligence outside the United States, which is then reported to the headquarters for analysis, reporting, and re-distribution to policymakers. The compass rests upon a shield, symbolic of defense and intelligence.

Structure

• Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) – The head of the CIA is given the title of the DCIA. The act that created the CIA in 1947 also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community, act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security, and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Security Act to provide for a Director of National Intelligence who would assume some of the roles formerly fulfilled by the DCI, with a separate Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

• Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DDCIA) – Assists the Director in his duties as head of the CIA and exercises the powers of the Director when the Director’s position is vacant or in the Director’s absence or disability.

• Associate Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (ADD) – Created July 5, 2006, the ADD was delegated all authorities and responsibilities vested previously in the post of Executive Director. The post of Executive Director, which was responsible for managing the CIA on a day-to-day basis, was simultaneously abolished.

• Associate Director for Military Support (AD/MS) – The DCIA's principal advisor and representative on military issues. The AD/MS coordinates Intelligence Community efforts to provide Joint Force commanders with timely, accurate intelligence. The AD/MS also supports Department of Defense officials who oversee military intelligence training and the acquisition of intelligence systems and technology. A senior general officer, the AD/MS ensures coordination of Intelligence Community policies, plans and requirements relating to support to military forces in the intelligence budget.

Directorates and other offices

• The Directorate of Intelligence, the analytical branch of the CIA, is responsible for the production and dissemination of all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign issues.

• The National Clandestine Service, a semi-independent service which was formerly the Directorate of Operations, is responsible for the clandestine collection of foreign intelligence and covert action.

• The Directorate of Science & Technology creates and applies innovative technology in support of the intelligence collection mission.

• The Directorate of Support provides the mission critical elements of the Agency's support foundation: people, security, information, property, and financial operations. Most of this Directorate is sub-structured into smaller offices based on role and purpose, such as the CIA Office of Security.

• The Center for the Study of Intelligence maintains the Agency's historical materials and promotes the study of intelligence as a legitimate and serious discipline.

• The Office of the General Counsel advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is the principal source of legal counsel for the CIA.

• The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the administration of Agency activities. OIG also seeks to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. The Inspector General is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Inspector General, whose activities are independent of those of any other component in the Agency, reports directly to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. OIG conducts inspections, investigations, and audits at Headquarters and in the field, and oversees the Agency-wide grievance-handling system. The OIG provides a semiannual report to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency which the Director is required by law to submit to the Intelligence Committees of Congress within 30 days.

• The Office of Public Affairs advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all media, public policy, and employee communications issues relating to his role as CIA director and is the CIA’s principal communications focal point for the media, the general public and Agency employees.

• The Office of Military Affairs provides intelligence and operational support to the US armed forces.

Relationship with other agencies

The CIA acts as the primary American provider of central intelligence estimates. It is believed to make use of the product derived from: surveillance satellites of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the signal interception capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), including the ECHELON system, the surveillance aircraft of the various branches of the U.S. armed forces and the analysts of the State Department and Department of Energy. At one point, the CIA even operated its own fleet of U-2 and A-12 OXCART surveillance aircraft. The agency has also operated alongside regular military forces, and also employs a group of clandestine officers with paramilitary skills in its Special Activities Division. Johnny Michael "Mike" Spann, a CIA officer killed in November 2001 during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, was one such individual.

The CIA also has strong links with other foreign intelligence agencies such as the UK's Secret Intelligence Service, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Israel's Mossad, and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service. Further, it is currently believed to be financing several Counterterrorist Intelligence Centers. One of these, known under the codename of Alliance Base, was allegedly set up in Paris and jointly run in cooperation with France's DGSE. Although classified, the CIA may also be actively cooperating with India's Research and Analysis Wing and possibly Russia's SVR. The CIA worked extensively with Pakistan's ISI throughout the Afghan-Soviet War, and works with this agency closely for the War on Terror.

SVR - personnel of Foreign Intelligence Service of Russian Federation.

Just as any government organization, and given that it is a global intelligence organization, the SVR employs people from many disciplines - law, journalism, public affairs, accounting, medicine, occupational health nursing, finance, logistics, business, engineering, computer science/information technology, forensics, and the natural and physical sciences. The SVR has secretaries and other program generalists who have extensive experience and competence in performing their duties.

Since its inception (in December 1991), the SVR has departed from past precedent analysis methodologies of the KGB First Chief Directorate. No longer are the analytical products (assessments, estimates, white papers, and strategic studies) geared toward a preconceived or political agenda or rife with Communist era political correctness, but are geared with a mandate of objectivity from analysis of both open source and collected information. This is a major change because under the U.S.S.R., the political leaders wanted the raw intelligence and would perform the "analysis" themselves- whereas the Russian Federation's leaders want professional, scholarly, in-depth analyses and briefings provided for them. SVR analysts tend to be paid far higher salaries and benefits than their counterparts in academia or think tanks and represent some of the best minds in the Russian Federation. SVR analysts generally have a Ph. D. or master's degree in their field or discipline (primarily with respect to international relations, geographic area studies, economics, political science, history, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law). Analysts are assigned to either a geographic or functional division within the Operations Directorate in order to interact with operational personnel. The Analysis & Information Directorate has core analysts who collate and analyze information, and write necessary documents, briefing materials, and papers to inform policymakers in the Russian Federation. Unlike intelligence analysts in other foreign intelligence services, SVR analysts are not shy about adding their opinions and providing recommended courses of action (with projected outcomes analyses) as addenda to their products; in fact, President Yeltsin and President Putin and their administrations have encouraged this practice. Many of the SVR's analytic products have been disseminated to other governments (especially since the events of 9/11) and have gained the SVR greater stature and respect as a premier global intelligence organization. The SVR does make a historical series available to the public and media (either in paper or CD-ROM forms).

The SVR's Science Directorate organizationally houses the SVR Academy (formerly called the "Academy of Foreign Intelligence" in the pre-Putin era of the SVR and "The Red Banner School" during the KGB's existence). The SVR Academy is primarily located at Yasenevo (just outside metro Moscow) and provides world-class training, education, and facilities to officer candidates and other students. Academy professors are highly experienced intelligence practitioners, many even have advanced degrees from Russian, British, American, Canadian, and other universities. Interestingly enough, the SVR has a "publishing house" where professors, students, and SVR executives can publish books, training manuals, research compendiums, and in-house journals. The SVR Academy coordinates all training and education needs (in-service and external) for the SVR's global workforce- including basic and advanced operations curricula, counter-terrorism courses, and even doctoral courses.

Under the current Administration and General Sergei Lebedev's (the current Director) leadership, the salaries and benefits paid to SVR officers have improved significantly. The days of the mid-1990s, where SVR had problems making payroll, are gone. As an example, in 2002, all SVR Officers received an across-the-board 50% raise (in addition to the ordinary salary adjustments for state employees) and new (tax-free) allowances to afford a home, condominium, or apartment in the Russian Federation (even while stationed overseas). SVR officers currently receive competitive salaries with the Russian and CIS private economic sectors and special tax advantages. Retirement benefits are correlated to the Russian military's defined benefit plan (regular, non-contributory annuity) and are higher than those provided to other civil servants, and the social insurance plan (which provides regular payments for women at age 60 and men at age 65, survivors payments and disability payments). President Putin has reportedly expressed a desire for civil servants to have a savings-investment plan like that provided by the U.S. Government to its federal civilian employees and members of the uniformed services. The SVR and the FSB are believed to be the first two federal entities where a thrift savings-investment plan would be offered as a third tier to complement the regular annuity and social insurance plans.

The SVR was somewhat "shunned" by many of the best students and intellectuals during the 1990s. Since 2002, recruitment (according to the Russian media) has picked up and the service is operating at full staff ceiling. In other words, the only people being hired are those needed to replace an employee who is retiring or separating. While standards fell in the late 1990s, now only the best and brightest, cream-of-the-crop candidates are being hired to become SVR officers. Minimum requirements are being between 21 and 35 years old (age waivers may be granted on a case-by-case basis by the SVR Director), being a Russian citizen, no prior criminal record (no felonies, drug use, hooliganism, moral turpitude), good mental and physical health, and having a bachelor's degree. A graduate degree in law, international relations, foreign languages, public administration, economics, criminal justice, business, geographic area studies, engineering, computer science, or history is desired. Prior military experience and overseas experience is considered desirable. Unlike the KGB, the SVR welcomes all races, ethnicities and creeds. All personnel, just as in any other Russian Federation ministry, serve at the pleasure of the ministry head (in this case, the SVR Director).

SVR - overview of Foreign Intelligence Service of Russian Federation.

Foreign Intelligence Service (Russian: Служба Внешней Разведки) or (SVR) is Russia's primary external intelligence agency. The SVR is the successor of First Chief Directorate of the KGB since December 18 1991 as the U.S.S.R. was facing its geopolitical end. The former chief of the KGB First Chief Directorate, Yevgeni Primakov, was appointed head of the SVR.

Unlike the FSB, the SVR is responsible for intelligence abroad and does not operate as a traditional law enforcement organization. It works in cooperation with the Russian military intelligence organization GRU. The SVR also enters into anti-terrorist cooperation and intelligence-sharing arrangements with foreign intelligence agencies. The service also provides analysis and dissemination of intelligence to Russian Federation policymakers. Additionally, SVR provides environmental intelligence analysis and assists other security services concerning counternarcotics operations.

The Constitutional basis for the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) can be found in Articles 71, 72, 76 and 80 of the Russian Federation's Constitution. The power of the Russian Federation President to exercise executive direction and control of the SVR is based on Articles 80, 83, 86, 87, and 90 of the Russian Constitution.

The Russian Federation's "Law on Foreign Intelligence Organs" was passed by the Duma and the Federation Council in late 1995 and signed into effect by then-President Boris Yeltsin on 10 January 1996. The law authorizes the SVR to carry out the following missions:

1. Acquire, process and analyze information vital to the Russian Federation's interests;

2. Assist the federal government in implementing measures to ensure Russia's security;

3. Conduct activities to benefit the economic, scientific and technological development of Russia;

4. Protect employees of Russian institutions overseas and their families;

5. Provide personnel security for government personnel and their families;

6. Cooperate and conduct liaison activities with foreign security services (consistent with the law, treaties and agreements);

7. Establish and operate information systems and communication networks pertaining to foreign intelligence administration.

SVR Intelligence oversight and command structure

The President of the Russian Federation exercises executive oversight and supervision of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) pursuant to Articles 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, and 14 of the 1996 Foreign Intelligence Organs Act. The Legislative Branch monitors SVR financial and staffing issues pursuant to Article 24. The Procurator General (per Article 25) has the authority to investigate and assess whether the SVR follows Russian law. SVR officials provide regular briefings to members of the Federation Council and the Duma. Most appropriations bills for the SVR start in the Federation Council rather than in the Duma. The Russian Federation President has the prerogative of special administrative privilege to issue special orders, instructions and decrees concerning foreign intelligence (on behalf of the Duma and Federation Council) that, at his discretion, can remain secret or be made public.

The SVR Director is appointed by and reports directly to the President of Russia (currently Vladimir Putin). The Director holds the rank and grade of a Ground Forces General or Navy Admiral of the Fleet. The Director provides briefings to the President every Monday and on other occasions as necessary. The Director is also a member of the Security Council of Russia and the Defense Council (svr.gov.ru).

The SVR consists of the following organizational structure as outlined on the SVR official website that also includes their organization chart. The SVR Director functions as a strong CEO. The SVR Consultants Group reports to and directly advises the Director. Within the Director's Office ("Apparat") there are the following- Public Relations/Press/Mass Media Bureau; the Inspector General; Legal; Protocol; Power Structure Liaison; and the First Deputy Director. The First Deputy Director acts more in the capacity of a Chief Operating Officer, acts in the capacity of "Acting SVR Director" in the SVR Director's absence, and oversees the Economic Intelligence Direction and the Foreign Counterintelligence Direction. The SVR consists of 5 line directorates, each is headed by a Deputy Director:

1. Personnel;

2. Analysis & Information;

3. Science;

4. Operations;

5. Operational Logistics & Support.

Each of the Deputy Directors is headed by a Deputy Director who reports to the SVR Director. The SVR Academy (formerly titled as the Academy of Foreign Intelligence during the Yeltsin Administration and the Andropov Red Banner Institute and School during the USSR) is located as a division within the Science Directorate (svr.gov.ru).

Ground Forces General Sergei Lebedev is the SVR Director. The SVR budget is classified, however portions of the budget were made public during Yeltsin's first presidential term (svr.gov.ru).

Overview of SMERSH - SMERt' SHpionam (GRU, Soviet Union)

SMERSH (short for SMERt' SHpionam (СМЕРть Шпионам), or "Death to Spies") was the name of a specialized counterintelligence department in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff GRU of the Soviet Union. Operating under various names since the beginning of the GRU, it was given its most notorious name SMERSH during the years immediately preceding World War II. The direction of SMERSH was to secure the rear of the active Red Army from partisans, saboteurs, and spies, on the front to investigate and arrest conspirators and mutineers, "traitors, deserters, spies, and criminal elements", and support the General Staff's strategic operations by carrying out global assassination of elements considered subversive to the military stability of the Red Army.

History

Soviet intelligence policy generally divided their activities along three directions in accordance with the division of power in the Soviet Union: State, Party, Military. The State's primary intelligence arm was the Cheka and remained focused on counter-intelligence; the Party's main intelligence arm was the various Communist Commissions on the domestic front which focused on political counter-intelligence and the Communist International which was focused on foreign intelligence and covert operations; and the Military which focused on politico-military activities both intelligence and counter-intelligence at home and abroad. Because of the early status of the Soviet Union as a pariah nation, most of what today would be considered politico-military intelligence activities as conducted by a state power were conducted by the GRU.

SMERSH existed within the GRU almost from its beginning. However, the early years were almost entirely devoted to investigating and carrying out counter-intelligence operations against partisans, saboteurs, and other dissident elements at home in the military units or in areas of rebellion of the Soviet Union. Therefore, as the Russian Civil War died down and Moscow's grip became more strengthened, the elements which it constituted were almost entirely folded up and replaced by the Checka and various paramilitary police organizations such as the MVD.

However, the GRU remained as the primary covert intelligence service of the Soviet Government following its almost total isolation by world powers. The GRU became the primary agent of the Soviet Union in obtaining military-industrial hardware such as electronics, aerospace design, radio communications, etc., as well as traditional military intelligence such as unit strength, table of organization values, military policy and strategy, etc.

As the various global powers came to grip with the spread of GRU activities, counter-intelligence activities by the Western nations soon began blocking penetration attempts, then later identifying potential GRU agents, and finally expanding more complex counter-intelligence operations of doubling and disinforming GRU agents. At this point in the late 1920s, the ruthlessness of the Soviets which had featured the summary executions of millions of dissidents at home let alone suspected spies were now brought to bear on GRU officers and their agents who were suspected of wittingly or unwittingly working for the Western powers. Thus, the various death squads of the Russian Civil War were reactivated for use in the GRU. For the next twenty years, operating under various names, usually under names such as killing squads, death to traitors, death to spies etc, were named, but always operating under the same bureau of the Defense Chief Counter-intelligence Directorate.

As the requirements of war expanded and the Soviet arms began their conquest of previously occupied German territory, the complexities of counter-espionage, counter-insurgency, and occupation were sufficiently large to encourage the Stalin to consolidate all of SMERSH under his direct control. On April 15, 1943 SMERSH was officially transferred to NKO (Narodnyi Komissariat Oboroni). The full name of the head entity was Главное управление контрразведки СМЕРШ Народного комиссариата обороны СССР, or USSR People's Commissariat of Defense Chief Counterintelligence Directorate "SMERSH". At the same time SMERSH directorate within the People's Commissariat of the Soviet Navy and SMERSH department of NKVD were created.. All were to be coordinated by a single directorate with its own analytical division. It was headed by Viktor Abakumov, who instead of reporting to the Defense Committee now reported directly to Stalin.

As the war wound down, the need for a strategic directorate focused on counter-espionage wet operations and counter-insurgency pacification operations which answered directly to Stalin was no longer viewed necessary. Thus, on March 1946 SMERSH Chief Directorate was resubordinated to the People's Commissariat of Military Forces (Наркомат Вооруженных Сил, НКВС. Additionally, as a period of increased scrutiny by Western powers was expected as well as a new Soviet propaganda offensive at political subversion of Western anti-communist resistance, the Soviets further sought to purge the image of SMERSH and the HKBC was latter reorganized into the Ministry of Military Forces (МВС) soon thereafter), and officially discontinued in May, 1946. However, the elements and organs of SMERSH remained structured and glimpses of the organization remained as late as the 1950s, particularly during the Korean War and the late 50's Cold War.

Some high-profile assassinations or disappearances of individuals that would historically have been under the writ of SMERSH also continued. These include Louis Adamic, Noel Field and his entire family, and hundreds of Field's agents. Additionally, numerous suspected GRU German agents as well as a number of Allied agents (even intelligence officers) disappeared in Berlin and other parts of occupied Europe well into the 1950s.

SMERSH had functioned as an organization to mobilize youth in national defense, and some of its promising young members, such as Yuri Modin, were recruited into the KGB.

Organization

SMERSH was divided into 8 sections:

1. Counter-intelligence protection of central Red Army institutions

2. Work among POWs

3. Counterespionage and conduct radio games

4. Organization of Counter-intelligence behind front lines

5. Oversight of SMERSH organs in military districts

6. Investigations

7. Information and statistic

8. Codes and communications

History and organization of GUGB, the Main Directorate of State Security (Soviet Union).

The Main Directorate of State Security (Russian: Glavnoe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti, Главное управление государственной безопасности, ГУГБ, GUGB) was the name of the Soviet secret police from July 1934 to April 1943. It was run under the auspices of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD). Its first head was first deputy of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs (then - Genrikh Yagoda), Commissar 1st rank of State Security Yakov Agranov.

History

Main Directorate of State Security evolved from the Joint State Political Directorate (or. OGPU). On February 3, 1941, the Special Sections (or. OO) of the GUGB-NKVD (responsible for counter-intelligence in the military) became part of the Army and Navy (RKKA and RKKF, respectively). The GUGB was removed from the NKVD and renamed Peoples Commissariat of State Security or NKGB. Following the outbreak of World War II, the NKVD and NKGB were reunited on July 20, 1941 and counter-intelligence was returned to the NKVD in January 1942. In April 1943 it was again transferred to the Narkomat of Defence and Narkomat of the Navy, becoming SMERSH (from Smert' Shpionam or "Death to Spies"); at the same time, the GUGB was again separated from the NKVD as NKGB.

GUGB heads

By the end of 1937 GUGB was one of the most powerful and influential organs in NKVD structure. GUGB departments (or Sections) dealt with - intelligence, internal security, counter-intelligence, protection of government and secret communications.

First chief of GUGB was Yakov Agranov, Commissar 1st rank of State Security and first deputy of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Next chief of GUGB from April 15, 1937 to September 8, 1938 was komkor Mikhail Frinovsky, he was succeeded by Lavrenty Beria, then just promoted to Commissar 1st rank of State Security. When Beria become People's Commissar of Internal Affairs (head of NKVD), Commissar 3rd rank of State Security Vsevolod Merkulov become his first deputy and new and last head of GUGB.

Organization

Between 1934 and 1941, Main Directorate of State Security when through several organizational changes. In January 1935 in GUGB structure there were nine departments:

(head of GUGB — Commissar 1st rank of State Security Yakov Agranov)

1. Operational Department — Karl Pauker (headed by)

2. Special Department — Gleb Boki

3. Department of Economics - (ЭКО/EKO) — Lev Mironov

4. Special Department - (OO) — Mark Gay

5. Secret Political Department - (СПО/SPO) — Georgy Molchanov

6. Foreign Department - (ИНО/INO) — Artur Artuzov

7. Department of Transport - (ТО) — Vladimir Kichkin

8. Department of Information and Statistic - (УСО/USO) — Yakov Genkin

9. Staff Department - (OK) — Yakov Weynschtok

By the end of 1937 People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov, in his order #00362 had change the departments number from nine to twelve.

(head of GUGB — komkor Mikhail Frinovsky)

1. Department 1 [Protection of Government] — Israel Dagin

2. Department 2 [Operative] — Ans Zalpeter

3. Department 3 [counter-intelligence] (КРО/KRO) — Aleksandr Minayev-Cikanovich

4. Department 4 [Secret Political] (СПО/SPO) — Mikhail Litvin

5. Department 5 [Special] (OO) — Nikolai Nikolaev- Zhuryd

6. Department 6 [Transport] (TO) — Mikhail Volkov

7. Department 7 [Foreign (Intelligence)] (ИНО/INO) — Abram Slutsky

8. Department 8 [Records and Statistic] (УСО/USO) — Vladimir Cesarsky

9. Department 9 [Special (codes)] (OO) — Isaak Shapiro

10. Department 10 [Prison] — Yakov Weynschtok

11. Department 11 [Maritime Transportation] (ВО/WO) — Victor Yrcev

12. Department 12 [Technical and Operational] (OOT) — Semyen Zhukovsky

After Lavrenty Beria took over Frinovsky place as a GUGB head, in September 1938, GUGB when through another organizational change:

(head of GUGB — Commissar 1st rank of State Security Lavrenty Beria)

1. Department 1 - [Protection of Government] — Nikolai Vlasik

2. Department 2 - [Secret Political] — Pyotr Fedotov

3. Department 3 - [counter-intelligence] — ?

4. Department 4 - [Special] — ?

5. Department 5 - [Foreign (Intelligence)] — Pavel Fitin

6. Department 6 - [Codes] — ?

7. GUGB Investigating Section — ?

GUGB Ranks

• генеральный комиссар ГБ — General Commissar of State Security

• комиссар ГБ 1-го ранга — Commissar 1.st rank of State Security

• комиссар ГБ 2-го ранга — Commissar 2.nd rank of State Security

• комиссар ГБ 3-го ранга — Commissar 3.rd rank of State Security

• старший майор ГБ — Senior Major of State Security

• майор ГБ — Major of State Security

• капитан ГБ — Captain of State Security

• старший лейтенант ГБ — Senior Lieutenant of State Security

• лейтенант ГБ — Lieutenant of State Security

• младший лейтенант ГБ — Junior Lieutenant of State Security

• сержант ГБ — Sergeant of State Security

History and structure - NKVD (Soviet Union), People's Commisariat for Internal Affairs, Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks dissolved the old police and sought the creation of Workers and Peasants' Militsiya under the supervision of the NKVD of the RSFSR. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by functions inherited directly from the Imperial MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the new proletarian workforce was largely inexperienced.

Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR created a secret political police, the Cheka, led by Felix Dzerzhinsky. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions, if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the revolution".

The Cheka was reorganized in 1922 as the State Political Directorate or GPU of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR. Upon the formation of the Soviet Union in 1923, the GPU was transformed into the OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the militsiya, as well as various other responsibilities.

In 1934, the OGPU was incorporated into the newly-created NKVD of the USSR, becoming the Main Directorate for State Security; the NKVD of the Russian SFSR ceased to exist and was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also became responsible for all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the Gulag) as well as for the regular police.

Other NKVD departments dealt with:

• general police functions and criminal investigations (militsiya);

• intelligence and overseas special operations (Inostrannyi Otdel);

• counter-intelligence;

• personal security for high officials,

and other related tasks.

At various times, the NKVD had the following Chief Directorates, abbreviated as "ГУ" - главное управление:

• ГУГБ - государственная безопасность, of State Security (GUGB)

• ГУРКМ - рабоче-крестьянская милиция, of workers' and peasants' militsiya

• ГУПВО - пограничная и внутренняя охрана, of border and internal guards

• ГУПО - пожарная охрана, of fire guards

• ГУШосдор - шоссейные дороги, of highways

• ГУЖД, железные дороги, of railways

• ГУЛАГ - GULAG

• ГЭУ - экономика, of economics

• ГТУ - транспорт, of transport

• ГУВПИ - военнопленных и интернированных, of POWs and interned persons

On February 3, 1941, the Special Sections of the NKVD (responsible for counter-intelligence in the military) became part of the Army and Navy (RKKA and RKKF, respectively). The GUGB was removed from the NKVD and renamed the NKGB. Following the outbreak of World War II, the NKVD and NKGB were reunited on July 20, 1941 and counter-intelligence was returned to the NKVD in January 1942. In April 1943 it was again transferred to the Narkomat of Defence and Narkomat of the Navy, becoming SMERSH (from Smert' Shpionam or "Death to Spies"); at the same time, the NKVD was again separated from the NKGB.

In 1946, the NKVD was renamed the MVD and the NKGB was renamed the MGB. Following yet another merger with the MVD in 1953, after the arrest of Lavrenty Beria the Chekist forces were finally removed from the MVD in 1954 to finally become the KGB. According to the 1996 radio documentary by the Russian Service of the Radio Liberty the MGB was reduced in its role from ministry to committee because of the fear of the communist leaders of the role the MGB might play if the purges would resume. The police force was finally split into two independent agencies:

• MVD (Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del; Ministry of the Interior), responsible for the criminal police, correctional facilities and fire rescue.

• KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti; Committee of State Security) - responsible for the political police, counter-intelligence, intelligence, personal protection and confidential communications.

The 20th Communist Party of the Soviet Union Congress in 1956, and the "Personality Cult" speech, has finalized the role the two agencies would play until the breakup of the Soviet Union.

NKVD Organization in 1939

Since its creation in 1934, the People's Commisariat for Internal Affairs of the USSR underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1989 alone, the NKVD's structure changed 3 times.

NKVD management

• People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - Lavrenty Beria

• First Deputy and the head of Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) - Vsevolod Merkulov

Deputies

• for NKVD troops – Ivan Maslenikov

• for Militsiya – Vasyli Chernyshov

• for Staff - Sergei Kruglov

Secratariats and apparati

• NKVD Secretariat - Stepan Mamulov

• Secretariat of Special Council of the NKVD – Vladimir Ivanov

• Special Technical Bureau - Valentin Kravchenko

• Special Bureau – Pyotr Scharia

• NKVD Inspection Group – Nikolai Pavlov

• Special Plenipotentiary – Aleksei Stefanov

• Secretariat of the First Deputy for GUGB Task - Vsevolod Merkulov

• Inspection Group - Vsevolod Merkulov

• Special Secretariat - Vasyli Chernyshov

• Section for Organization of Labor Force - Vsevolod Merkulov

• Permanent Technical Committee - ?

• Section for Repair Work – Pyotr Vainschtein

• Supply Section – M. Mituschyn

• Department of Railroad Transportation and Water - ?

Directorates and departments

• Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) - Vsevolod Merkulov

• 1st Special Department – Leonid Baschtakov

• 2nd Special Department – Evgeny Lapishin

• 3rd Special Department – Dmitry Shadrin

• 4th Special Department – Mikhail Filimonov

• 5th Special Department – Vladimir Vladimirov

• Department of Mobilization – Ivan Scherediega

• Department of Staff - Sergei Kruglov

• The Chief Directorate of Economics (GEU) - Bogdan Kobulov

• The Chief Directorate of Transportation (GTU) – Solomon Milshtein

• The Chief Directorate of Prision (GTU) – Aleksandr Galkin

• The Chief Directorate of Administration (AChU) – J.Schumbatov

• The Chief Directorate of Archive (GAU) – Yosif Nikitynsky

• The Chief Directorate of fire guards (GUPO) – Nikolay Istomin

• The Chief Directorate of Militsiya (GURKM) – Pavel Zujev

• The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies (GULAG) - Vasyli Chernyshov

• The Chief Directorate of Highways (GUShOSDOR) - Vsevolod Fedotov

• Directorate of Kremlin Commander - Nikolai Spyrydonov

• The Chief Directorate of Border Troops (GUPW) - Grigori Sokolov

• The Chief Directorate of NKVD Troops for Railroad Protection - Aleksandr Guliev

• The Chief Directorate of NKVD Troops for Escort - Vladimir Sharapov

• The Chief Directorate of NKVD Troops for Protection of Industrial Enterprise - I. Kozik

• The Chief Directorate of NKVD Operative Troops - P. Ariemyev

• The Chief Directorate of Military Provision - Aleksandr Wurgaft

• The Chief Directorate of Military Construction - Ivan Luby

• Directorate for Prisoners of War - Pyotr Soprunienko

• Directorate for Construction in the Far East - Ivan Nikishev

• Main Fanacial Department - Lazar Bierienzon

• Main Department for Civil Status - Fyedor Sokolov

Structure and organization - FSB (Russian Federation), Federal Security Service, Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti.

Structure of the FSB (not verified, of course):

• Counterintelligence Service (Department) - chiefs: Oleg Syromolotov (since Aug 2000), Valery Pechyonkin (September 1997 – August 2000). Military Counterintelligence Directorate - chiefs: Alexander Bezverkhny (at least since 2002), Vladimir Petrishchev (since January 1996)

• Service (Department) for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism – chiefs: Alexey Sedov (since March 2006), Alexander Bragin (2004 – March 2006), Alexander Zhdankov (2001 - 2004), German Ugryumov (2000-2001). Directorate for Terrorism and Political Extremism Control – chiefs: Mikhail Belousov, before him Grafov, before the latter Boris Mylnikov (since 2000)

• Economic Security Service (Department) – chiefs: Alexander Bortnikov (since March 2, 2004), Yury Zaostrovtsev (January 2000 – March 2004), Viktor Ivanov (April 1999 – January 2000), Nikolay Patrushev (1998 – April 1999), Alexander Grigoryev (August 28 – October 1, 1998).

• Operational Information and International Relations Service (Analysis, Forecasting, and Strategic Planning Department) – chiefs: Viktor Komogorov (since 1999), Sergei Ivanov (1998-1999)

• Organizational and Personnel Service (Department) – chiefs: Yevgeny Lovyrev (since 2001), Yevgeny Solovyov (before Lovyrev)

• Department for Activity Provision – chiefs: Mikhail Shekin (since September 2006), Sergey Shishin (before Shekin), Pyotr Pereverzev (as of 2004), Alexander Strelkov (before Pereverzev)

• Border Guard Service – chiefs: Vladimir Pronichev (since 2003)

• Control Service – chiefs: Alexander Zhdankov (since 2004). Inspection Directorate – chiefs: Vladimir Anisimov (2004-May 2005), Rashid Nurgaliyev (July 12 2000 - 2002). Internal Security Directorate – chiefs: Alexander Kupryazhkin (until September 2006), Sergei Shishin (before Kupryazhkin since December 2002), Sergei Smirnov (April 1999 – December 2002), Viktor Ivanov (1998 – Aril 1999), Nikolay Patrushev (1994-1998)

• Science and Engineering Service (Department) – chiefs: Nikolai Klimashin

• Investigation Directorate – chiefs: Nikolay Oleshko (since December 2004), Yury Anisimov (as of 2004), Viktor Milchenko (since 2002), Sergey Balashov (until 2002 since at least 2001), Vladimir Galkin (as of 1997 and 1998)

Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in Federal subjects of Russia are also subordinate to it.

Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast) have played especially important role in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Patrushev, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies. After the last Chief of the Soviet time, Anatoly Kurkov, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate has been led by Sergei Stepashin (November 29, 1991 - 1992), Viktor Cherkesov (1992 –1998), Alexander Grigoryev (October 1, 1998 – January 5, 2001), Sergei Smirnov (January 5, 2001 – June 2003), Alexander Bortnikov (June 2003 – March 2004) and Yury Ignashchenkov (since March 2004).

The Operations and Technology Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Operations and Technology Directorate encompasses all the laboratories and scientific research centers for creating bugging, taping, and shooting devices (including Laboratory 12 which created poisons and psychotropic substances).

The Border Guards Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The government of the Soviet Union had several bodies of troops under its control for the purpose of ensuring internal security. These troops included the Border Troops and Security Troops of the KGB and the Internal Troops of the MVD.

Border Troops of the Committee for State Security

The Border Troops, distinguishable by green piping on their uniforms, were organized under the KGB's unnumbered Border Troops Directorate, which was headed in 1989 by Army General Viktor Matrosov. He was assisted by one or more first deputy chiefs, several deputy chiefs, and a chief of staff. Within the directorate, a political administration provided political indoctrination and surveillance on behalf of the party. Western specialists reported that there was an intelligence administration within the Border Troops Directorate, but this had not been confirmed by Soviet sources.

The Border Troops strength was estimated in 1989 to be in the range of 230,000 men, down from the estimated 300,000 personnel in the early 1970s. Although under the operational authority of the KGB, the Border Troops were conscripted as part of the biannual call-up of the Ministry of Defense, and their induction and discharge were regulated by the 1967 Law on Universal Military Service, which covered all armed forces of the Soviet Union.

The legal status, duties, and rights of the Border Troops were set forth in the Law on the State Border, confirmed by the Supreme Soviet on November 24, 1982. Article 28 defined the basic duties of the Border Troops. Their duties included repulsing armed incursions into Soviet territory; preventing illegal crossings of the border or the transport of weapons, explosives, contraband, or subversive literature across the border; monitoring the observance of established procedures at border crossing points; monitoring the observance by Soviet and foreign ships of navigation procedures in Soviet territorial waters; and assisting state agencies in the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment from pollution. Border guards were authorized to examine documents and possessions of persons crossing the borders and to confiscate articles; to conduct inquiries in cases of violations of the state border; and to take such actions as arrest, search, and interrogation of individuals suspected of border violations.

The Border Troops Directorate administered approximately nine border districts (pogranichnye okruga), which covered the nearly 63,000 kilometers of the state border. Border district boundaries were distinct from civil or military district boundaries. The nine border districts were subdivided into detachments (otriady), covering specific sections of the border, border command posts (pogranichnye komendatury), passport control points (kontrol'no-propusknye punkty), and border outposts (zastavy). The border area was divided into a border zone, which included the territory of the district and settlements adjacent to the state border, and the border strip, which was approximately two kilometers in depth, running directly along the border. Only permanent residents or those who had obtained special permission from the MVD could enter the border zone. Entry into the border strip was forbidden without special permission from the Border Troops.

Soviet sources repeatedly stressed that a border guard was not only a soldier but also a defender of Soviet ideology. His mission entailed sensitive political tasks, such as detecting subversive literature, and shooting citizens attempting to escape across the border. Enlisted men were trained with their operational units, whereas officers were trained in special Border Troops schools, such as the Dzerzhinskii Higher Border Command School and the Higher Border School in Moscow. Military-political officers received training at the Voroshilov Higher Border Military Political Academy, founded in the 1930s and located outside Leningrad. In 1972, a higher border military-political school was created in Golytsin, near Moscow. More recently, higher border command faculties were set up at the Frunze Military Academy and the Lenin Military-Political Academy. The period of instruction at the Dzerzhinskii Higher Border Command School was four years. Officer candidates, who were screened carefully by their local KGB offices before admittance, took general higher education courses along with specialized military and political studies.

To ensure a high level of discipline among personnel of the Border Troops, much attention was devoted to political training and indoctrination. For this purpose, a network of political organs, the Political Directorate of the Border Troops, was established within the Border Troops. It had political departments within all the border districts, detachments, and education institutions, and a network of full-time party political officers worked among all troop units. They conducted political study groups, gave propaganda lectures, and worked to increase the level of combat effectiveness among the troops.

The Sixteenth Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Sixteenth Directorate (Communications Interception and SIGINT), upgraded from Department to Directorate, operated the Soviet Union's government telephone and telegraph systems, thus ensuring successful interception of all communications of interest to the KGB.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, The Sixteenth Directorate was merged into FAPSI.

The Ninth Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Ninth Directorate (Guards), later the KGB Protection Service was 40,000-man uniformed guard force providing bodyguard services to the principal CPSU leaders (and families) and major Soviet government facilities (including nuclear-weapons stocks). It operated the Moscow VIP subway system, and the secure government telephone system linking high-level government and CPSU officers; it became the Federal Protective Service (FPS) under Boris Yeltsin.

The Eighth Chief Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Eighth Chief Directorate was responsible for the highly sensitive area of communications. The Communications Directorate was tasked with monitoring foreign communications. The Directorate was also responsible for the cryptological systems used by KGB divisions, the transmission of communications to KGB stations overseas, and the development of secure communication equipment.

After the collapse of Soviet Union, The Eighth Chief Directorate was reorganized into a separate agency - FAPSI.

The Seventh (Surveillance) Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) handled surveillance, providing personnel and technical equipment to follow and monitor the activities of both foreigners and suspect Soviet citizens. Much of this work was centered in the Moscow and Leningrad areas, where tourists, diplomats, foreign students, and members of the Soviet intelligentsia were concentrated. The Al'fa (Alpha) counterterrorist group was subordinated to Seventh Main Directorate. Alpha was involved in many counterterrorist and internal-security missions since its formation in 1974 and was heavily active in special-operations tasks in Afghanistan.

The Surveillance Directorate employed some 3,500 professional suveillance specialists, in addition to other management and support staff. The Directorate was divided into twelve Departments.

1st Department - citizens of the United States and Latin America
2nd Department - foreign journalists, students, and businessmen
3rd Department - non-Americans
4th Department - non-Americans
5th Department - militia guards at each foreign embassies
6th Department - Soviet citizens considered for KGB employment
7th Department - surveillance equipment
9th Department - leadership security
10th Department - Moscow hotels, parks, museums, theaters, stores, stadiums, and air and rail terminals
11th Department - paraphernalia employed in surveillance.
12th Department - mobile surveillance teams for sensitive operations

The Fifth Chief Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Fifth Chief Directorate was created in 1969 to counter political dissidents and other manifestations of political unreliability. The Fifth Chief Directorate was formed from elements of the Second Chief Directorate, including the 9th Department responsible for Soviet students; the 10th Department responsible for the Soviet intelligentsia; and the Jewish Department. The Fifth Chief Directorate also incorporated the 5th 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Directions of the Political Security Service.

The 5th Direction controlled religious activity through the Council for the Affairs of Religious Sects, which was largely staffed by retired or disabled KGB officers.

The 6th Direction was responsible for countering subversive expressions of nationalism.

The 7th Direction monitored Soviet citizens with relatives living outside the Soviet Union and foreigners visiting relatives in the Soviet Union.

The 8th Direction worked to counter the influence of Russian emigre groups.

The 9th Direction suppressed unauthorized samizdat ["self-publishing"] literature and writers. It was responsible for finding samizdat printing presses and typewriters, and investigating the unauthorized use of photocopy machines.

The Jewish Department, established in 1971, was responsible for addressing Jewish dissidence, including discouraging emigration.

The Third Chief Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

Since the 1920s, an important internal security function of the security police has been ensuring the political reliability of the armed forces. This function was carried out through a network of so-called special departments (osobye otdely), which were under the supervision of the KGB's Third Chief Directorate. Officially designated as a military counterintelligence organization, the Third Chief Directorate performed tasks that extended far beyond counterintelligence to encompass extensive political surveillance of the military and other military security duties.

Special departments were responsible for security clearances of military personnel and for ensuring that security regulations and procedures were strictly observed in all branches of the armed forces. Thus they had control over (or at least immediate access to) military personnel files and information relating to thepolitical reliability of members of the armed forces. The leadership claimed that their armed forces were continually threatened by ideological sabotage, i.e., attempts by Western governments to subvert individuals through bourgeois propaganda aimed at weakening their political convictions. Hence a key element of special department activities was political surveillance on both a formal and an informal level.

Officially, special departments were empowered to investigate armed forces personnel for the same crimes that were under KGB purview for ordinary citizens. In addition, the KGB had the authority to investigate military crimes defined in Article 259 of the Russian Republic's Code of Criminal Procedure--disclosure of a military secret or loss of a document containing a military secret. In investigating cases under their purview, special department employees were supposed to follow set rules of criminal procedure, but they did not always do so. In 1989, however, they no longer had the right to conduct trials, as they did during Stalin's time. Once an investigation was completed, the case was tried by special military tribunals under the Main Military Procuracy.

In addition to criminal investigations, the special departments had extensive informal responsibilities for ensuring the political reliability of the armed forces. Soviet authorities stated that they prevented political crimes by various preventive measures. Thus they carried on daily educational activities to increase political vigilance and communist ideological convictions among the armed forces and monitored telephone conversations and correspondence of military personnel. Special departments relied heavily on a broad network of informers, recruited from among military personnel.

The special departments were also charged with protecting all state and military secrets, including those involving nuclear weapons, a task that placed them in a position of considerable strategic importance. One Soviet official pointed out that "the reliable defense of Soviet forces from all types of espionage took on special significance when the basic defensive strength of the country came to consist of the most contemporary weapons systems, especially ballistic nuclear weapons."

According to Western sources, the KGB had custody and transport responsibilities for nuclear charges, which were separated from missiles and aircraft, until the late 1960s. At that time the KGB apparently relinquished its physical control over nuclear warheads, but it remained involved in the nuclear control process. Not only did it maintain a strategic communications network independent of the military communications system, but its responsibilities for protecting nuclear secrets presumably gave the KGB access to nuclear weapons installations as well as to military plans regarding the use of nuclear weapons.

The Second Chief Directorate - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The Second Chief Directorate was responsible for internal security, although some of its functions were assumed by the Fifth Chief Directorate. The Directorate included twelve numbered Departments, the Political Security Service, the Industrial Security Directorate, and a Technical Support Group.

Six of the numbered Departments were responsible monitoring and countering the activities of foreign embassy personnel:

The 1st Department staff in the early 1970s included some fifty staff officers and three hundred surveillance officers from the Surveillance Directorate. Headquartered a half a mile from the United States embassy in a five-story, the Department had five Sections.

1. recruitment of U.S. embassy personnel
2. counter intelligence operations from the embassy.
3. identify and monitor Soviet citizens who have had contact with Americans
4. manage contacts between Americans and Russians outside of Moscow
5. responsible for work against Latin American embassies.

2nd Department -- British Commonwealth
3rd Department -- Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Scandinavia
4th Department -- All other Western European nations
5th Department -- Non-European developed countries
6th Department -- Non-European developing countries

The 7th Department was responsible for operations against tourists. As of the early 1970s the staff of two hundred was evenly divided between Moscow and the rest of the Soviet Union, along with some sixteen hundred part-time informants and agents.

1. American, British, and Canadian tourists
2. other nationalities
3. hotels and restaurants catering to foreigners
4. controls the Intourist and Sputnik travel agencies
5. contacts between tourists and Soviet citizens
6. observation posts at facilities used by tourists and foreigners across the Soviet Union

The 8th Department was responsible for the computer information systems of the Second Chief Directorate.
The 9th Department was tasked with monitoring and recruitment of foreign students, including the use of faculty and student informants at Soviet universities.
The 10th Department was responsible for influencing and recruiting foreign journalists. It also staffs the Foreign Ministry's Directorate for Servicing the Diplomatic Corps (UPDK.
The 11th Department regulated international travel by Soviet citizens.
The 12th Department was responsible for investigation of corruption, graft, and waste at government enterprises.

Political Security Service
The Political Security Service, often called "The Service" (Sluzhba) within the KGB, consisted of twelve Directions (Napravlenipe) until 1969, when the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Directions reformed into a new Fifth Chief Directorate.

The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Directions were responsible for working with local KGB offices and their informant networks.

10th Direction was responsible for countering economic crimes such as currency speculation and black market activities.

11th Direction was responsible for monitoring dissidents.

12th Direction was created in 1963 for operations against Chinese diplomats in Moscow.

Technical Support Group
The Technical Support Group was responsible for surreptitious entry operations to penetrate targets ranging from foreign embassies to the homes of Soviet citizens.

Industrial Security Directorate
The Industrial Security Directorate was responsible for the security of important production and research facilities, as well as the utilization of Soviet commercial activities for clandestine operations. Of the Directorate's six Departments, four were responsible for heavy industry, armament factories, nuclear research, and production centers. The 5th Department, which operated within the Ministry of Foreign Trade, was responsible for commercial exhibitions and Soviet trade associations. The 6th Department was responsible for operations against foreign seamen in at Soviet ports.

The First Chief Directorate (PGU) - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The First Chief Directorate (in Russian: Первое Главное Управление - PGU) of the Committee for State Security (KGB), was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence collection activities by the training and management of covert agents, intelligence collection management, and the collection of political, scientific and technical intelligence.

PGU was formed with in KGB structures in 1954. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it was reformed into Central Intelligence Service, and later - to Foreign Intelligence Service or SVR (Служба Внешней Разведки in Russian).

History of PGU

From the beginning foreign intelligence played an important role in Soviet Union foreign policy. In Soviet Union foreign intelligence was formally formed in 1920, as a foreign department of Cheka (Inostrannyj Otdiel—INO). In december 19, 1918, The Central Committee Bureau of the RKP(b) had decided to combine front formations of Cheka and the Military Control Units, which were controlled by the Military Revolutionary Committee, and responsible for counter-intelligence activities, into one organ which was named Special Section (department) of Cheka. The head of Special Section (department) was Mikhail Sergeyevich Kedrov. The task of the Special Section was to run human intelligence: to gather political and military intelligence behind enemy lines, and expose and neutralize counter-revolutionary elements in the Red Army. At the beginning of 1920, in Cheka's Special Section there was an under section named War Information Bureau (WIB) which conducted political, military, scientific and technical intelligence in surrounding countries. WIB headquarter was located in Kharkiv and was divided in two sections: Western and Southern. Each Section had six groups: 1st—registration; 2nd—personal; 3rd—technical; 4th—finance; 5th—law; and 6th—organization. WIB had its own internal stations, one in Kiev and one in Odessa. The first one had so the called national section—Polish, Jewish, German and Czech Republic.

The Soviet defeat in the Polish-Bolshevik War, was the main reason for the formation of a large independent intelligence department in Cheka structures. On December 20, 1920, Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky, created the Foreign Department (Innostranny Otdel—INO), made up of the Management office (INO chief and two deputies), chancellery, agents department, visas bureau and foreign sections. In 1922 after the creation of the State Political Directorate (GPU) and connecting it with People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, foreign intelligence was conducted by the GPU Foreign Department, and between December 1923 and July 1934 by the Foreign Department of Joint State Political Administration or OGPU. In July 1934, OGPU was reincorporated into NKVD of the Soviet Union, and renamed The Main Directorate of State Security or GUGB. Till October 9, 1936 INO was operated inside the GUGB organization as a one of its departments. Then, for conspiracy purposes, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov, in his order #00362 had introduced a numeration of departments in the GUGB organization, hence Foreign Department or INO of the GUGB became GUGB's Department 7, and later Department 5. By 1941 foreign intelligence was given the highest status and from department it was enlarged to directorate. The name too was change from INO (Innostranny Otdiel), to INU—Inostrannoye Upravleniye, Foreign Directorate. During the following years Soviet security and intelligence organs went through frequent organizational changes. From February to July 1941 foreign intelligence was the responsibility of the recently created new administration The People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) and was working in its structure as a 1st Directorate and, after the July 1941 organizational changes, as a 1st Directorate of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

In return to former state already in April 1943, NKGB dealt with foreign intelligence as a 1st Directorate of NKGB and that state remained until 1946, when all People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries. NKVD was renamed to Ministry of Internal Affairs or MVD, and the NKGB was renamed into Ministry of State Security, or MGB. From 1946 to 1947 the 1st Directorate of the MGB was conducting foreign intelligence. In 1947 the GRU (military intelligence) and MGB's 1st Directorate was moved to the recently created foreign intelligence agency by the name of Committee of Information, or KI. In the summer of 1948 the military personnel in KI were returned to the Soviet military to reconstitute a foreign military intelligence arm of the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet emigres were returned to the MGB in late 1948. In 1951 the KI returned to the MGB, as a First Chief Directorate of the Ministry of State Security.

After the death of long time Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in March 1953, Lavrenty Beria took over control of the security and intelligence organs, disbanded the MGB and its existing tasks were given to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) which he was in control of. In the MVD the foreign intelligence was conducted by the Second Chief Directorate and following the creation of KGB foreign intelligence was conduct by the First Chief Directorate of the Committee for State Security or KGB. After Lavrenty Beria was arrested along with his people in MVD, Aleksandr Panyushkin become the head of foreign intelligence.

In March 1954, Soviet state security underwent its last major postwar reorganization. The MGB was once again removed from the MVD, but downgraded from a ministry to the Committee for State Security or KGB, and formally attached to the Council of Ministers in an attempt to keep it under political control. The body responsible for foreign operations and intelligence collection activities was First Chief Directorate (FCD).

Heads of Soviet Intelligence 1920-1991

Yakov Davydov, foreign department of Cheka - 1920–1921

Solomon Mogilevsky, foreign department of Cheka - 1921–?

Mikhail Trilisser, foreign department of GPU/OGPU - 1921–1930

Artur Artuzov, foreign department of OGPU/GUGB-NKVD - 1930–1936

Abram Slutsky, 7th Department of GUGB-NKVD - 1936–1938

Zelman Passov, 7th Department of GUGB-NKVD - 1938

Sergey Spigelglas, 7th Department of GUGB-NKVD - 1938

Pavel Sudoplatov, 7th Department of GUGB-NKVD - 1938

Vladimir Dekanozov, 7th Department of GUGB-NKVD - 1938–1939

Pavel Fitin, 5th Department of GUGB-NKVD/1st directorate of NKVD/NKGB/MGB - 1939–1946

Pyotr Kubatkin, 1st Directorate of MGB - 1946

Pyotr Fedotov, 1st Directorate of MGB/Committee of Information - 1946–1949

Sergey Savchenko, Committee of Information - 1949–1951

Yevgeny Pitovranov, 1st Chief Directorate of MGB - 1952–1953

Vasili Ryasnoy, 2nd Chief Directorate of the MVD - 1953

Aleksandr Panyushkin, 2nd Chief Directorate of the MVD/1st Chief Directorate of KGB - 1953–1955

Aleksandr Sakharovsky, 1st Chief Directorate of KGB - 1956–1971

Fyodor Mortin, 1st Chief Directorate of KGB - 1971–1974

Vladimir Kryuchkov, 1st Chief Directorate of KGB - 1974–1988

Leonid Shebarshin, 1st Chief Directorate of KGB - 1988–1991

Organization of the PGU (click to enlarge)

Organization and structure - KGB (Soviet Union), the Committee for State Security, Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.

The KGB was organized into several directorates, with certain directorates assigned a “chief” status due to their importance.

The known directorates are:

The First Chief Directorate (Foreign Operations) — responsible for foreign operations and intelligence-gathering. This chief directorate had many sub-directorates of its own.

The Second Chief Directorate — responsible for counter-intelligence and internal political control of citizens and foreigners in the Soviet Union.

The Third Chief Directorate (Armed Forces) — controlled military counter-intelligence and the political surveillance of the Soviet armed forces.

The Fourth Directorate (Transportation Security)

The Fifth Chief Directorate — also responsible for internal security; originally combated political dissent; later assumed tasks of the Second Chief Directorate, such as controlling religious dissent, monitoring artists, and the censorship of media; it was renamed Directorate Z (to Protect the Constitutional Order) in 1989.

The Sixth Directorate (Economic Counterintelligence and Industrial Security)

The Seventh Directorate (Surveillance) — handled surveillance, providing equipment to follow and monitor activities of both foreigners and Soviet citizens.

The Eighth Chief Directorate — responsible for communications, monitoring foreign communications, and the cryptologic systems used by KGB divisions, KGB transmissions to overseas stations, and the development of communications technology.

The Ninth Directorate (Guards) (later the KGB Protection Service) — bodyguard services.

The Fifteenth Directorate (Security of Government Installations)

The Sixteenth Directorate (Communications Interception and SIGINT) — telephone and telegraph systems.

The Border Guards Directorate — 245,000-man border security force dealt with smuggling along the Soviet Union's borders with terrestrial, naval, and air force contingents.

The Operations and Technology Directorate - laboratories and scientific research centers.